
Southeast Asia
395 ethnic groups
Browse the 395 ethnic groups native to Southeast Asia. Each profile documents facial features, skin tone, hair texture and body type. Explore the people below, or read the full Southeast Asia phenotype and anatomy reference further down.
Abui
Central highlands of Alor Island, Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, inland from the town of Kalabahi.
Abung
Interior river lowlands of Lampung province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, mainly the North, Central and East Lampung regencies around Kotabumi
Aeta
Mountains of central and northern Luzon, Philippines: Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bataan, and the Sierra Madre
Akit
Rupat Island and nearby coastal areas of Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia
Aklanon
Aklan province, northwestern Panay island, Western Visayas, Philippines, including Kalibo and the island of Boracay
Alas
The Alas River valley around Kutacane, Southeast Aceh Regency, Aceh province, Sumatra, Indonesia
Alune
Western Seram Island, Maluku province, Indonesia, concentrated in West Seram Regency around the Eti, Tala and Sapalewa river basins.
Aneuk Jamee
Southwest coast of Aceh province, Indonesia, chiefly South Aceh and Southwest Aceh regencies, with smaller communities elsewhere on the west coast
Anglo-Burmese
Myanmar (Burma), historically centered on Rangoon (Yangon), Moulmein (Mawlamyine) and Maymyo (Pyin Oo Lwin); now largely a diaspora in the United Kingdom and Australia
Arem
Limestone forest uplands around Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam, near the Lao border; formerly Quang Binh Province, which merged into Quang Tri Province in 2025.
Asho
Lowlands and foothills on both sides of the Arakan Yoma in Myanmar (Magway, Bago and Ayeyarwady regions, Rakhine State), with a small Khyang community in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh
Ati
Panay (Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo), Guimaras, Negros and Boracay, in the Visayas of the Philippines
Bagobo
Slopes of Mount Apo and the western Davao Gulf hinterland in southeastern Mindanao, Philippines (Davao City, Davao del Sur, Cotabato)
Bahau
Upper Mahakam River basin, mainly Mahakam Ulu Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo).
Bakumpai
The Barito River basin of South and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, centered on Marabahan and extending upriver to Muara Teweh and Puruk Cahu
Banggai
Banggai Archipelago (Peling, Banggai and neighboring islands) and the Luwuk area of mainland Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Bangka Malays
Bangka Island and its surrounding islets, in Bangka Belitung Islands province, Indonesia, off the southeast coast of Sumatra
Banguingui
Sulu Archipelago, Basilan and the Zamboanga Peninsula in the southern Philippines; originally Balangingi Island in the Samales group of Sulu
Bantenese
Banten province at the western tip of Java, Indonesia, including Serang, Cilegon, Pandeglang, Lebak and Tangerang
Bataq
River valleys and uplands of northeastern Palawan, Philippines, in the northern barangays of Puerto Princesa and the municipality of Roxas.
Batek
Lowland rainforest of peninsular Malaysia in Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu, largely in and around Taman Negara National Park
Batin
Upstream and interior Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, along the Batang Hari and its tributaries in the Merangin, Sarolangun, Bungo and Tebo districts
Bayingyi
A cluster of farming villages in the Mu River valley of Sagaing Region, upper Myanmar, near Shwebo and Ye-U; Monhla, Chantha, Chaung Yo and Nabet among them.
Belait
Belait District in western Brunei (Kuala Balai, Labi, Kuala Belait, Seria) and parts of Tutong District; related communities near Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Bengkulu Malays
Bengkulu city and nearby coastal areas of Bengkulu Province, southwest Sumatra, Indonesia
Berau Malays
Berau River basin and nearby coast in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, centered on Tanjung Redeb, Gunung Tabur and Sambaliung
Bimanese
Eastern Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: Bima city, Bima Regency and Dompu Regency
Bisaya
Northwest Borneo: the Limbang valley of Sarawak and the Beaufort and Kuala Penyu districts of Sabah in Malaysia, plus communities in Brunei.
Boholanos
Bohol island province in the Central Visayas, Philippines; large settler communities in northern and eastern Mindanao, with many more in Cebu and Metro Manila
Bonerate
Bonerate and Karompa islands in the Flores Sea, Selayar Islands Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Bontoc
Central and eastern Mountain Province around Bontoc town and the upper Chico River valley, Cordillera region of northern Luzon, Philippines
Boti
Boti village and nearby settlements, Kie district, South Central Timor (Timor Tengah Selatan) Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, West Timor, Indonesia
Brao
Northeastern Cambodia (Ratanakiri and Stung Treng provinces) and southern Laos (Attapeu province), with a small community in Kon Tum province, Vietnam
Brau
Uplands where Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia meet: Dak Me village in Vietnam's Kon Tum highlands, Attapeu in southern Laos, and Ratanakiri and Stung Treng in northeastern Cambodia
Bruneian Malays
Brunei, centered on the Brunei River and Bandar Seri Begawan; also Labuan, western Sabah and northern Sarawak in Malaysia
Bugis-Malays
Malay Peninsula and nearby islands: Johor and Selangor in Malaysia, Singapore, and the Riau Islands of Indonesia, with related communities in West Kalimantan and Sabah. Ancestral origin in South Sulawesi.
Bukitan
Interior Borneo: Kapuas Hulu regency of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the interior of central Sarawak, Malaysia; formerly the Saribas river country of southwestern Sarawak.
Bulungan
Lower Kayan River basin in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan, Indonesia, centered on Tanjung Selor and Tanjung Palas
Bungku
Southeastern coast of Central Sulawesi facing Tolo Bay, centered on Morowali Regency around Bungku town and Bahodopi, with the Menui islands offshore and outliers across the border in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Buru
Buru Island in Maluku province, Indonesia, from the coasts to the interior highlands around Lake Rana
Butuanon
Butuan City and nearby lowland and riverside communities of Agusan del Norte, along the lower Agusan River and Butuan Bay, northeastern Mindanao, Philippines
Cheq Wong
Central Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia, around Gunung Benom and the Krau Wildlife Reserve
Chitty
Melaka (Malacca) in Malaysia, chiefly Kampung Chitty in Gajah Berang, with a small related community in Singapore.
Cho Ro
Southeastern Vietnam, mainly Đồng Nai (around Xuân Lộc, Long Khánh and Định Quán) and the former Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu area, now part of Ho Chi Minh City
Churu
Southern Central Highlands of Vietnam, chiefly Lam Dong province around Don Duong and Duc Trong, with smaller communities toward the Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan lowlands
Chứt
Limestone uplands of the Annamite Range in western Quảng Bình (part of Quảng Trị Province since 2025), central Vietnam, near the Lao border
Cirebonese
The city and regency of Cirebon on the northern coast of West Java, Indonesia, with related communities in Indramayu and neighboring districts
Daingnet
Northern Rakhine State, Myanmar, near the Bangladesh border, with closely related Chakma communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh
Deli Malays
East coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia, centered on Medan, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Langkat and Binjai
Donggo
Highlands of Bima Regency in eastern Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: the Donggo uplands west of Bima Bay and the Wawo and Sambori highlands to the east
Dumpas
Eastern Sabah, Malaysia (northern Borneo), chiefly the Labuk-Sugut and Kinabatangan districts of Sandakan Division
Eskaya
Upland interior of Bohol in the central Visayas, Philippines, notably Taytay (Duero) and Biabas (Guindulman)
Eurasian Singaporeans
Singapore, especially Katong and the East Coast, with ancestral roots in Malacca, Penang and Ceylon and diaspora communities in Australia and the United Kingdom
Gaddang
Upper Cagayan Valley, northern Luzon, Philippines: Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela, with upland Ga'dang communities in Paracelis, Mountain Province, and parts of Kalinga
Galela
Northern arm of Halmahera around Lake Galela, North Halmahera Regency, North Maluku, Indonesia; also settled on Morotai and other North Maluku islands
Giáy
Valley floors and lower slopes of the northern Vietnamese highlands, chiefly Lào Cai, Hà Giang, Lai Châu, and Yên Bái provinces, Vietnam.
Gie Trieng
Truong Son highlands of central Vietnam, in former Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces (Dak Glei, Ngoc Hoi, Nam Giang, Phuoc Son); related communities in Sekong province, Laos
Helong
Semau Island and coastal villages west of Kupang, at the western tip of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Hpon
Villages along the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River between Myitkyina and Bhamo, Kachin State, Myanmar
Ibaloi
Southern Benguet in the Cordillera of northern Luzon, Philippines, including Baguio, La Trinidad, Kabayan, Bokod, Itogon, Tuba and Tublay, with communities in adjacent Nueva Vizcaya and Pangasinan
Ida'an
Eastern Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo), mainly Lahad Datu and Kunak districts around Darvel Bay and the Segama River, with smaller communities near Kinabatangan and Sandakan
Ilongot
Upland forests of the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains in northern Luzon, Philippines, mainly in Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino and Aurora provinces
Indos
Originally the Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia, especially Java; today mostly the Netherlands, with communities in the United States and Australia.
Isneg
Apayao province in the Cordillera Administrative Region of northern Luzon, Philippines, mainly along the Apayao River, with smaller communities in neighboring provinces.
Jahai
Mountain rainforest of Hulu Perak and northern Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia, with a small number across the border in southern Thailand.
Jakun
Riverine southern Pahang and northern Johor, Peninsular Malaysia, including the Endau and Rompin basins and the country around Tasik Chini.
Kadazan
West coast of Sabah, Malaysia, in northern Borneo, centered on Penampang and Papar near Kota Kinabalu
Kadu
Upper Myanmar: Katha District of Sagaing Region, around Banmauk, Indaw and Pinlebu, extending into southern Kachin State
Kaili
The Palu Valley and nearby coast and hills of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, centered on Palu and the Donggala, Sigi and Parigi Moutong regencies.
Kamein
Rakhine State on the western coast of Myanmar, centered on Ramree Island and the towns of Thandwe, Kyaukpyu and Sittwe, with a community in Yangon.
Kanaq
Kampung Sungai Selangi near Mawai, Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia; origins traced to the Riau-Lingga islands, Indonesia
Kankanaey
Cordillera Central of northern Luzon, Philippines: western Mountain Province (Sagada, Besao, Bauko, Tadian, Sabangan), northern Benguet (Mankayan, Buguias, Bakun, Kibungan), and uplands of Ilocos Sur and La Union
Karay-a
Panay Island, Philippines: Antique province and much of inland and southern Iloilo, with pockets in Capiz and Aklan and migrant communities in Mindanao and Palawan
Karenni
Kayah State in eastern Myanmar, centered on Loikaw and bordering Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand; refugee communities in Thailand and a resettled diaspora in the United States and elsewhere.
Karo Batak
Karo Highlands (Karo Regency) of North Sumatra, Indonesia, plus parts of Deli Serdang, Langkat and Dairi regencies and the city of Medan
Kaur
Kaur Regency at the southern end of Bengkulu province, on the southwest coast of Sumatra, Indonesia
Kavet
Ratanakiri Province, mainly Voeun Sai District, in northeastern Cambodia near the Lao border
Kayan
Upper river basins of central Borneo: the Apo Kayan plateau and Mahakam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Baram, Rejang and Balui in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Kayeli
Villages around Kayeli Bay on the east coast of Buru island, Maluku province, Indonesia
Kedayan
Northwest Borneo: throughout Brunei, plus the Limbang and Lawas areas of Sarawak and the Sipitang and Beaufort areas of Sabah, Malaysia.
Kendayan
West Kalimantan, Indonesia, chiefly Landak, Bengkayang, Mempawah and Kubu Raya regencies; also Lundu district, Sarawak, Malaysia
Kerinci
The Kerinci valley and surrounding highlands of Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia, with communities in West Sumatra and on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
Khmer Krom
Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam, known in Khmer as Kampuchea Krom, especially around Soc Trang, Tra Vinh and the Kien Giang coast; also communities in Cambodia and overseas
K'Ho
The Lam Dong plateau in Vietnam's southern Central Highlands, around Da Lat and Di Linh, with smaller communities in adjoining provinces.
Khumi
Paletwa Township in southern Chin State and neighboring northern Rakhine State, Myanmar; Bandarban District in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
Kokang
The Kokang region of northern Shan State, Myanmar, between the Salween River and the Yunnan border, centered on Laukkai; communities also in Lashio, Mandalay and Yangon.
Komering
The Komering River basin in South Sumatra, Indonesia, from Lake Ranau on the Lampung border through Ogan Komering Ulu, OKU Selatan and OKU Timur to Ogan Komering Ilir; large communities in Palembang and Bandar Lampung.
Komodo
Komodo Island in Komodo National Park, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia; mainly the village of Kampung Komodo
Kristang
Melaka, Malaysia, centered on the Portuguese Settlement at Ujong Pasir, with communities in Singapore and a diaspora in Australia, Britain and Canada.
Kula
Descended from traders from Myanmar; settled in Thailand, notably Isan and the Chanthaburi gem district, and in Pailin in western Cambodia
Kutai
Lower and middle Mahakam River basin in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, centered on Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Tenggarong and Samarinda, with communities in East and West Kutai.
Kuy
Northeastern Thailand (Surin, Sisaket, Buriram, Ubon Ratchathani), northern Cambodia (Preah Vihear, Stung Treng, Kampong Thom) and southern Laos (Salavan, Champasak).
Lachi
Highlands of the former Hà Giang province (now part of Tuyên Quang), northern Vietnam, especially Xín Mần and Hoàng Su Phì; smaller communities in Maguan County, Yunnan, China
Laha
Upland northwestern Vietnam, mainly Sơn La province in the Da (Black) River basin, with smaller communities in Lào Cai province.
Lahu
Highlands of southwestern Yunnan, China, and Myanmar's Shan State, extending into northern Thailand, northwestern Laos and a small area of northern Vietnam
Lanoh
Upper Perak River valley around Lenggong, Hulu Perak district, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia
Lawa
Upland villages of Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son provinces in northern Thailand, especially around Mae Sariang, Mae La Noi and the Bo Luang plateau.
Lawangan
Eastern Barito River basin of Central Kalimantan (East, South and North Barito regencies), extending into West Kutai in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo.
Lematang
The Lematang River valley in South Sumatra, Indonesia, mainly Lahat and Muara Enim regencies and the neighboring Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir regency
Lotud
Tuaran district on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia, including the Tamparuli area, with a few villages at Telipok near Kota Kinabalu.
Lubu
Forested hills of the Bukit Barisan range along the North Sumatra and West Sumatra border, around Mandailing Natal and Pasaman, Indonesia
Lun Bawang
Highland interior of northern Borneo: Lawas, Limbang and Ba' Kelalan in Sarawak, Malaysia; Temburong, Brunei; the Sipitang interior of Sabah; and the Krayan highlands of North Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Mạ
The upper Đồng Nai River basin in the southern Central Highlands of Vietnam, chiefly Lâm Đồng province around Bảo Lộc and Di Linh, extending into Đắk Nông, Đồng Nai and Bình Phước.
Ma'anyan
Eastern tributaries of the Barito River, chiefly Barito Timur and South Barito in Central Kalimantan, with communities in adjacent parts of South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Malaysian Malays
The Malay Peninsula of Malaysia, with long-established coastal and river-mouth communities in Sarawak, Sabah and the offshore islands; closely tied to Malay populations in Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and southern Thailand.
Malaysian Siamese
Northern Peninsular Malaysia, mainly Kelantan, Kedah and Perlis, with smaller communities in Perak, Terengganu and Penang
Mamanwa
Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines: the uplands of Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur, around Lake Mainit and the Diwata Range
Mandailing
Mandailing Natal Regency and neighboring South Tapanuli and Padang Lawas areas of North Sumatra, Indonesia, with communities in West Sumatra, Medan, Jakarta and peninsular Malaysia
Mandaya
Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines: mainly Davao Oriental, also Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, and parts of Surigao del Sur and Agusan del Sur.
Mảng
Upper Đà River valley in Lai Châu Province, northwestern Vietnam, around Mường Tè, Nậm Nhùn and Sìn Hồ; a small related community lives in Jinping County, Yunnan, China.
Maniq
Rainforests of the Banthat mountain range in southern Thailand (Trang, Satun, Phatthalung and Songkhla provinces), with a settled Kensiu-speaking community in Yala province.
Manusela
Central and north central highlands of Seram Island, around the Manusela valley and Mount Binaiya, Maluku province, Indonesia
Maragang
Kota Marudu and Pitas districts of northern Sabah, Malaysia, around Marudu Bay and the Bengkoka Peninsula on Borneo
Mardijkers
Batavia, now Jakarta, and other Dutch East India Company ports in the Indonesian archipelago; Kampung Tugu in North Jakarta is the surviving descendant settlement
Matigsalug
Upper Davao (Salug) River country in the highlands of Mindanao, Philippines: Marilog District of Davao City and the San Fernando area of Bukidnon
Meratus Dayak
The Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, in the uplands of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Hulu Sungai Tengah, Balangan, Tabalong, Kotabaru and nearby regencies
Minh Hương
Central and southern Vietnam (Hội An, Biên Hòa, Mỹ Tho, Hà Tiên, Chợ Lớn in today's Ho Chi Minh City); origins in Fujian and Guangdong, southern China.
Minokok
Interior Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, along the upper Kinabatangan River system, chiefly in and around Tongod District, Malaysia
Mnong
Central Highlands of Vietnam, chiefly Dak Nong, Dak Lak and Lam Dong provinces, and Mondulkiri province in northeastern Cambodia
Moken
Mergui Archipelago of southern Myanmar and the Andaman coast and islands of southwestern Thailand, notably the Surin Islands
Molbog
Balabac Island, its surrounding islets and the southern tip of mainland Palawan, Philippines, with smaller communities on Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia
Moluccans
The Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, from Halmahera, Ternate and Tidore in the north through Seram, Ambon and Buru to the Kei, Aru and Tanimbar groups in the southeast, with a long-established community in the Netherlands.
Mualang
The Belitang river area of Sekadau Regency and neighboring parts of Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Mukomuko
Mukomuko Regency, on the northern coast of Bengkulu Province in western Sumatra, Indonesia, bordering West Sumatra and Jambi
Musi
Middle and upper Musi River basin in South Sumatra, Indonesia, chiefly Musi Banyuasin and Musi Rawas regencies
Nage
Central Flores, mainly Boawae and the surrounding hill districts of Nagekeo Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Ngada
Highlands of central Flores, Indonesia, centered on Bajawa in Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara.
Ngái
Northeastern Vietnam, chiefly Quảng Ninh, Bắc Giang, Lạng Sơn, Thái Nguyên, Cao Bằng and Bắc Kạn provinces, including the Gulf of Tonkin coast
Nyah Kur
Hill margins of the western Khorat Plateau in Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima and Phetchabun provinces, Thailand.
Nyaw
Northeast Thailand (Nakhon Phanom, especially Tha Uthen; Sakon Nakhon, Nong Khai, Maha Sarakham) and central Laos (Khammouane, Bolikhamsai). Traditional origin at Hongsa, Xayaburi, Laos.
O Du
Mountains of western Nghệ An province, Vietnam, mainly around Tương Dương on the upper Cả River near the Laos border
Ogan
The Ogan River valley in South Sumatra, Indonesia, mainly Ogan Komering Ulu and Ogan Ilir regencies and parts of Ogan Komering Ilir
Orang Kuala
West coast of Johor, Malaysia (Batu Pahat and Pontian districts); coastal Riau province and the Riau Islands, Indonesia
Orang Sungai
Riverbanks of eastern and northeastern Sabah, Malaysia, especially along the Kinabatangan, Labuk, Sugut, Paitan and Segama rivers
Osing
Banyuwangi Regency, at the eastern tip of Java, Indonesia, concentrated in the districts around Glagah, Licin, Songgon and Rogojampi.
Pà Thẻn
Northern Vietnam: Tuyên Quang province, including the former Hà Giang province (Bắc Quang and Quang Bình areas) and the Lâm Bình and Chiêm Hóa areas
Pacoh
Annamite uplands on the border of central Vietnam and Laos: the A Lưới highlands west of Huế and the Quảng Trị hills in Vietnam, and Samuoi and neighboring districts of Salavan province in Laos.
Padaung
Kayah State and southern Shan State, eastern Myanmar; refugee settlements in Mae Hong Son province, northern Thailand
Paitan
Riverine northeastern Sabah, Malaysia, along the Paitan, Sugut, Labuk and Kinabatangan rivers, mainly in the Beluran and Pitas districts
Palawan
Southern Palawan island, Philippines, including Brooke's Point, Quezon, Rizal, Sofronio Española, Bataraza and the Mount Mantalingahan range
Paser
East Kalimantan, Indonesia, chiefly Paser and Penajam Paser Utara regencies in the southeast of the province
Pear
Small rural communities in central and western Cambodia, notably Kampong Thom province and the areas toward the Cardamom Mountains.
Pekal
Coastal lowlands of North Bengkulu Regency around Ketahun, and nearby parts of Mukomuko Regency, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia
Peranakan Chinese
Straits of Malacca region (Malacca, Penang, Singapore), Kelantan, Java and other parts of Indonesia, and Phuket in southern Thailand; Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand
Peranakans
Malacca and Penang in Malaysia, Singapore, Phuket in Thailand, and towns of Java and elsewhere in Indonesia
Phai
Upland districts of Nan province in northern Thailand and neighboring Sainyabuli (Xayaboury) province in Laos
Phù Lá
Upland northern Vietnam, mainly Lào Cai province, with smaller communities in neighboring northern provinces; related Phula communities live across the border in Yunnan, China
Phunoi
Mountains of Phongsaly Province in far northern Laos, around Phongsaly town; migrant communities in Oudomxay, Luang Namtha and Vientiane.
Proto-Malay
Proposed for the Malay Peninsula and the islands of western Indonesia; the six communities the label covers today live in Peninsular Malaysia, chiefly Pahang, Johor, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan.
Punan Bah
Longhouse communities on the middle Rajang and its tributaries, chiefly the Bah and Biau rivers, in the Belaga and Bintulu districts of Sarawak, Malaysia, on Borneo.
Pwo Karen
Lower Myanmar, including the Ayeyarwady Delta, Bago Region, Kayin State, Mon State and Tanintharyi, plus western and northern Thailand (Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun)
Qabiao
Limestone highlands of far northern Vietnam in former Hà Giang province (now part of Tuyên Quang), plus a smaller community in Maguan County, Yunnan, China
Raglai
The dry inland hills of south central Vietnam, mainly Ninh Thuan and Khanh Hoa provinces, with communities in Binh Thuan and southern Lam Dong.
Rampi
The Rampi highlands of North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, near the border with Central Sulawesi
Ratagnon
Southern tip of Mindoro island, mainly the southern end of Occidental Mindoro province, Philippines
Rơ Măm
Le village in the Mô Rai area, far western Central Highlands of Vietnam near the Cambodian border (former Kon Tum province, now part of Quảng Ngãi)
Rongga
Southeastern East Manggarai Regency (Manggarai Timur), in and around Kota Komba district, on Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, near the border with Ngada
Rotenese
Rote Island and nearby islets, Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, with a large community in Kupang and across West Timor.
Sa'ban
Upper Baram River villages in Sarawak, Malaysia (Long Banga, Long Puak, Long Peluan, Long Balong) and the upper Bahau River area of North Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Saek
Nakhon Phanom Province in northeastern Thailand and Khammouane Province in central Laos, along the middle Mekong
Sahu
Inland western Halmahera around Jailolo, mainly the Sahu and East Sahu districts of West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku, Indonesia
Sakuddei
Forested interior of south-central Siberut, the largest of the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra province, Indonesia.
Saluan
Mainland Banggai Regency on the eastern arm of Sulawesi, around Luwuk, Pagimana and Batui, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
San Chay
Midland and upland northeastern Vietnam, mainly Tuyên Quang, Thái Nguyên, Bắc Giang and Quảng Ninh, with smaller communities in neighboring provinces
San Diu
Midland hills of northern Vietnam, chiefly Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Quang Ninh and the former Vinh Phuc and Bac Giang provinces; ancestral origin in Guangdong, China
Sedang
Northern Central Highlands of Vietnam: the Kon Tum plateau and Ngọc Linh massif, extending into the mountain districts of Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi
Seletar
Coasts, estuaries and mangroves of the Johor Strait, mainly villages around Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; historically also the rivers of northern Singapore
Semang
Hill and lowland rainforest of northern Peninsular Malaysia (Perak, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu) and the Banthad range of southern Thailand
Semaq Beri
Interior Pahang and Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia, mainly along forested river valleys
Semelai
Tasik Bera wetland and surrounding river valleys in central Pahang, extending into neighboring Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia
Serawai
Southern Bengkulu province on the southwest coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, chiefly South Bengkulu and Seluma regencies
S'gaw Karen
Kayin State and the eastern hills along the Thai border, the Irrawaddy Delta and Tanintharyi in Myanmar, with communities in western Thailand and resettled populations in the United States, Australia and Scandinavia.
Si La
Mường Tè district in Lai Châu province and Mường Nhé in Điện Biên province, northwestern Vietnam, with related communities in Phongsaly province, northern Laos
Sikka
Eastern and central Flores, in Sikka Regency around Maumere, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
Simalungun
Simalungun Regency and the city of Pematangsiantar, east of Lake Toba in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Singkil
Aceh Singkil Regency and the city of Subulussalam in southwestern Aceh province, Sumatra, Indonesia, along the Singkil river system near the North Sumatra border
Stieng
The red-earth hills of Bình Phước Province in southern Vietnam, with smaller communities in Tây Ninh, Đồng Nai and Lâm Đồng, and across the border in Kratié and Mondulkiri provinces, Cambodia.
Ta Oi
The Annamite range along the Vietnam and Laos border: A Luoi district and western Quang Tri in Vietnam, Salavan and Sekong provinces in Laos.
Tagakaolo
Mountains and coast west of the Davao Gulf in southern Mindanao, Philippines: Davao Occidental, Davao del Sur and Sarangani provinces, around Malita, Santa Maria, Malalag and Malungon.
Tai Daeng
Northeastern Laos, especially Houaphanh province; the uplands of Thanh Hóa and neighboring provinces in north-central Vietnam; smaller communities in Thailand.
Tai Dam
Upland basins of northwestern Vietnam, above all the Black River valley and the Dien Bien plain, with communities in northern Laos, Thailand, southern China and a resettled diaspora in the United States, France and Australia.
Tai Lue
Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna), southern Yunnan, China, along the upper Mekong; also northern Laos, eastern Shan State in Myanmar, northern Thailand and northwestern Vietnam
Talang Mamak
River valleys and forest uplands of Indragiri Hulu regency, Riau province, central Sumatra, Indonesia, around Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, with smaller communities in neighboring Jambi province
Talaud
Talaud Islands (Karakelang, Salibabu, Kabaruan, Nanusa and Miangas), North Sulawesi province, Indonesia, near the border with the Philippines
Tashons
Falam area of northern Chin State, Myanmar, with diaspora communities in Mizoram (India), Malaysia and the United States
Taungyo
Southern Shan State, Myanmar, especially the hill country around Taunggyi, Kalaw and Pindaya
Tedim
Tedim and Tonzang townships in northern Chin State, Myanmar, with large communities in Kalay (Sagaing Region), in Manipur and Mizoram in India, and a refugee diaspora in Malaysia, Australia and the United States.
Terengganuan Malays
Terengganu state on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, with migrant communities in the Klang Valley and Johor
Ternateans
Ternate island and neighboring islands of North Maluku, Indonesia, with communities along western Halmahera
Thổ
Hill and midland areas of western Nghệ An and southern Thanh Hóa provinces in north-central Vietnam, including Nghĩa Đàn, Tân Kỳ, Như Xuân and the Pù Mát forest near Con Cuông
Tidung
Northeastern Borneo: North Kalimantan, Indonesia (Tarakan, Tana Tidung, Nunukan, Bulungan, Malinau) and eastern Sabah, Malaysia (Tawau and Sandakan areas)
Tinguian
Abra province in the Cordillera of northwestern Luzon, Philippines, with smaller communities in Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga and Apayao
Toba Batak
Highlands around Lake Toba and Samosir Island in North Sumatra, Indonesia, with large communities in Medan, Jakarta and other Indonesian cities
Tobelo
Northeastern Halmahera and nearby islands, North Maluku, Indonesia, with older communities on Seram and southern Halmahera
Tombonuo
Northeastern Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo), mainly the Pitas and Beluran districts along the Paitan, Sugut and Labuk rivers, with communities toward Sandakan and Kinabatangan
Tomun
Lamandau River basin in Lamandau and West Kotawaringin regencies, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo)
Topasses
Solor, Larantuka on eastern Flores, and Timor, especially Lifau and Oecusse, in present-day Indonesia and East Timor
Tunjung
Middle Mahakam River basin and the nearby uplands around Melak, Barong Tongkok and Sendawar, West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ugong
Scattered villages in western Thailand, in Kanchanaburi, Suphan Buri and Uthai Thani provinces
Urak Lawoi'
Islands and coastal villages of the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand: Phuket, Ko Lanta, Ko Jum, Ko Phi Phi, Ko Bulon and Ko Lipe in the Butang group
Wai Apu
The Apu (Waeapo) river valley and plain in northeastern Buru Island, Maluku province, Indonesia
Wemale
Villages in the interior hills and river valleys of central Seram Island, Maluku province, Indonesia
White Tai
Upland river valleys of northwestern Vietnam (Lai Châu, Điện Biên, Sơn La, Hòa Bình), with smaller communities in northern Laos and southern Yunnan, China
Xinh Mun
Upland northwestern Vietnam, mainly Sơn La province (Yên Châu, Mai Sơn, Sông Mã) and Điện Biên province, with a smaller community in northern Laos
Southeast Asia Body & Anatomy Reference
Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype: adult AI generation reference across Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia Women: Boobs & Breasts
Southeast Asia women's tits and boobs run small-to-medium cup, modest projection, the classic Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic bust profile across Southeast Asia. Nipples and areolas show medium-brown to dark-brown areolar pigmentation against the tan-to-medium-brown skin tone, with areolar diameter typically in the 26-38mm range and forward-set positioning rather than the the fuller South Asian or Polynesian bust. Southeast Asia breasts trend firm, modest projection, a function of the ectomorph, petite frame body habitus and mean adult female BMI 20-23. For anatomically-accurate AI-generated Southeast Asia nude women the render preserves: small-to-medium cup, modest projection shape, 26-38mm areolas with regional pigmentation, and the torso proportions of the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype.
Southeast Asia Women: Ass & Hips
Southeast Asia women's ass and hip morphology presents as small-to-medium, modest projection, narrower hip profile, distinctly different from the fuller glutes of the Pacific Islander phenotype. Southeast Asia pelvic profile shows narrow-to-medium iliac crests, anchored in the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic skeletal pattern. Southeast Asia butt shots in adult AI imagery should render the small-to-medium, modest projection, narrower hip profile silhouette with the ectomorph, petite frame build and the gluteal-femoral fat distribution typical of the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype rather than defaulting to a globally-averaged shape that generic AI generators produce.
Southeast Asia Women: Vagina & Pussy
Southeast Asia women's pussy and vulvar anatomy presents medium-brown to dark-brown labial pigmentation, consistent with the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype's pigmentation pattern. Southeast Asia pubic hair is typically straight-to-wavy fine-to-medium texture, distributed in the inverted-triangle pattern with regional-typical density. AI-generated Southeast Asia nude imagery should preserve the medium-brown to dark-brown labial pigmentation and the straight-to-wavy fine-to-medium texture hair texture rather than defaulting to a Western-European pink-and-sparse template. For anatomically-accurate Southeast Asia pussy renders the labial pigmentation should match the surrounding tan to medium-brown skin tone of the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype.
Southeast Asia Men: Dicks & Penis
Southeast Asia men's dick and penile anatomy in adult AI generation should anchor on the regional reference data: regional mean ~11cm erect, moderate girth, and medium-brown shaft pigmentation. Southeast Asia cock profile reflects the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic ancestral population's anthropometric measurements rather than a globally-averaged Western-pornography default. For anatomically-accurate Southeast Asia nude male imagery the shaft pigmentation should track the surrounding tan to medium-brown skin tone, with continuous glans-to-shaft pigmentation transition and the straight-to-wavy fine-to-medium texture pubic-hair texture distributed in the typical inverted-V escutcheon.
Southeast Asia: Body, Curves & Build
Southeast Asia body type and overall build presents as ectomorph, petite frame, with mean adult female BMI 20-23: the characteristic Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic habitus. Southeast Asia curves and proportions in adult AI imagery should preserve the regional skeletal frame (height, shoulder-to-hip ratio, limb proportions) rather than scaling to a Western-European mesomorph default. The Southeast Asia nude female form, when rendered with anatomical fidelity, shows the height range, frame width, and adipose distribution pattern typical of the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype. Generic AI image generators tend to collapse regional body types into a few default shapes; the EthnicErotic phenotype-anchored approach preserves the Southeast Asia build as its own reference category.
Southeast Asia: Skin Tone & Hair Texture
Southeast Asia skin tone falls in the tan to medium-brown (Fitzpatrick III-V) band, the surface signal most often miscalibrated by generic AI nude generators trained on Western-photographic datasets. Southeast Asia hair texture is typically straight-to-wavy 1A-2A, dark-brown to black, characteristic of the Southeast Asian Austronesian / Austroasiatic phenotype. For anatomically-accurate Southeast Asia nude renders the skin should hold the Fitzpatrick band consistently across body surface rather than showing the lighter-than-face body shading that AI generators default to.














































































































































































