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Myanmar

MM

Southeast Asia

Myanmar is home to 11 documented ethnic groups in Southeast Asia — led by Bamar (~68%), Shan (~9%), Karen (~7%), Rakhine (~4%). This page blends their phenotype and demographic data into one weighted reference: skin tone, facial features, hair texture and build, drawn from published census and ancestry sources.

Demographic Composition

Composition weights are derived from self-identification in published census and demographic surveys. Each row links to the source ethnic-group atlas page.

Ethnic groupWeightSource
BamarBamar68.0%Estimated from Myanmar 2014 Census plus subsequent demographic estimates; Myanmar's 2014 Census was the first comprehensive census in 30+ years but did not publicly release detailed ethnic-group enumeration. Bamar (Burman, ~68%) is the dominant ethnic group, concentrated in the Irrawaddy / Ayeyarwady River basin and the central plains. The Bamar are predominantly Theravada Buddhist and constitute the politically and culturally dominant national majority
ShanShan9.0%Demographic estimates; Shan (~9%, ~5M+); concentrated in Shan State in eastern Myanmar. Tai-Kadai language family, related to Thai of Thailand and Lao of Laos. Predominantly Theravada Buddhist
KarenKaren7.0%Demographic estimates; Karen (~7%, ~3.5M+); concentrated in Karen / Kayin State plus parts of Mon State and Bago Region. Sino-Tibetan / Karen language family. Religious diversity: predominantly Theravada Buddhist with substantial Christian (Baptist) sub-population. Long-running Karen separatist insurgency since 1949 — the world's longest continuous civil war
RakhineRakhine4.0%Demographic estimates; Rakhine / Arakanese (~4%, ~2M+); concentrated in Rakhine State in western Myanmar. Sino-Tibetan / Tibeto-Burman language family, closely related to Bamar. Predominantly Theravada Buddhist
Myanmar ChineseMyanmar Chinese3.0%Demographic estimates; Chinese-Myanmar / Sino-Burmese (~3%, ~1.5M+); concentrated in Yangon, Mandalay, and major cities, plus the substantial cross-border Chinese-Burmese populations of upper Myanmar (Kokang Chinese in Shan State near the Yunnan border are part of the so-called Kokang Special Region with substantial autonomous administration). Predominantly Yunnanese-source plus the 19th-c. Hokkien and Cantonese sub-populations
Myanmar IndianMyanmar Indian2.0%Demographic estimates; Indian-Myanmar / Burmese Indian (~2%, ~1M+); concentrated in Yangon plus other major cities. Substantially reduced from earlier 20th-c. peaks (the post-1962 Ne Win-era nationalization expelled an estimated 300,000+ Indian-Myanmar residents)
MonMon2.0%Demographic estimates; Mon (~2%, ~1M+); concentrated in Mon State plus parts of Bago Region and Thaninthayi Region. Austroasiatic / Mon-Khmer language family. Predominantly Theravada Buddhist
KachinKachin1.5%Demographic estimates; Kachin / Jingpho (~1.5%, ~750,000+); concentrated in Kachin State in northern Myanmar. Sino-Tibetan / Tibeto-Burman language family. Predominantly Christian (Baptist). Long-running Kachin separatist conflict — the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) maintained ceasefire 1994-2011 and resumed armed conflict 2011-present
ChinChin1.5%Demographic estimates; Chin (~1.5%, ~750,000+); concentrated in Chin State in western Myanmar. Sino-Tibetan / Tibeto-Burman / Kuki-Chin language family. Predominantly Christian (Baptist). Cross-border population shared with Indian Mizoram and Manipur (the Indian Mizo and Kuki populations are closely related to Burmese Chin)
RohingyaRohingya1.0%Pre-2017 estimates; Rohingya pre-2017 was approximately 1.0-1.4 million in Rakhine State, but the August 2017 Myanmar military operation that the UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission characterized as genocide expelled approximately 750,000 Rohingya to Bangladesh. Current Rohingya residents in Myanmar are estimated at approximately 600,000+, predominantly confined to internal-displacement camps with limited movement and citizenship-status rights
Myanmar OtherMyanmar Other1.0%Demographic estimates residual; includes Wa (the autonomous Wa Special Region in Shan State, with substantial autonomous-political-administration), Kayah / Karenni (Kayah State, distinct from but related to Karen), Naga (Sagaing Region), Lahu, Akha, Lisu, Palaung / Ta'ang, Pa'O, plus other smaller ethnic groups across Myanmar's officially-recognized 135 ethnic groups (the so-called 'national races' framework)

Myanmar Phenotype Profile

Myanmar's population is dominated by the Bamar (Burman, ~68%) ethnic group with the substantial 134+ other ethnic groups comprising approximately 32% across the various ethnic states (Shan ~9%, Karen ~7%, Rakhine ~4%, Mon ~2%, Kachin ~1.5%, Chin ~1.5%, plus the Rohingya ~1% post-2017, the Chinese-Myanmar ~3%, the Indian-Myanmar ~2%, and other smaller groups ~1%). The country's demographic structure reflects approximately 2,000+ years of population processes including Tibeto-Burman migration from southern China (Yunnan) to the Irrawaddy basin, the various Indigenous Mon-Khmer (Mon, Wa) and Tai-Kadai (Shan) populations, the Sino-Tibetan / Tibeto-Burman ethnic minorities of the highland border regions, the British colonial period (1885-1948), and the post-1948 independence-era political dynamics including the 1962-2011 military rule and the post-2011 partial democratization followed by the 2021 military coup.

Genome-wide patterns place Bamar populations in a Tibeto-Burman / Southern East Asian cluster with substantial admixture from neighboring Mon-Khmer and Tai-Kadai source populations. Skin tone across the broader Burmese population spans Fitzpatrick III-V with IV the modal value nationally. Hair is uniformly straight (Andre Walker 1A-1B) and uniformly black or very dark brown across the broader population. Eye color is uniformly brown to dark brown. Facial features track Tibeto-Burman / Southeast Asian source populations across most ethnic groups, with the Rohingya showing characteristic Bengali / Eastern Indo-Aryan source-population features distinct from broader Burmese populations.

Myanmar has experienced approximately 75+ years of continuous internal armed conflict since the 1948 independence — multiple ongoing civil wars (Karen since 1949, Kachin since 1961, Shan, Wa, Chin, Rohingya genocide, plus others). The 2021 military coup against the elected civilian government has produced the post-2021 broader civil war with substantial demographic disruption, refugee outflow, and human-rights violations.

A descriptive view, not a claim about individuals

This page shows a weighted aggregate of phenotype observations across the Myanmar population, based on demographic composition from published census and ancestry sources. Phenotypes within any country are far more varied than the aggregate suggests; this is a descriptive reference, not a deterministic claim about any individual. For source-level detail on individual ethnic groups, see the constituent atlas pages linked below.

Methodology Notes

Composition weights are derived from estimates based on the 2014 Myanmar Census (the first comprehensive Myanmar census in 30+ years) plus subsequent academic and international demographic estimates. The 2014 Census ethnicity tables have not been comprehensively publicly released. Caveats: (1) the Burmese state framework of 135 'national races' is widely criticized as arbitrary and exclusionary (notably excluding the Rohingya despite their long historical presence in Rakhine); (2) the Rohingya population in Myanmar has been substantially reduced through the 2017 genocide and continuing displacement; (3) the various ethnic-armed-conflict zones produce demographic data collection challenges; (4) the post-2021 military coup has further disrupted demographic data collection and population stability; (5) the Indian-Myanmar and Chinese-Myanmar populations have been substantially reduced from earlier 20th-c. peaks through nationalization-era expulsions and continuing emigration.

See full project methodology →

Primary Sources

  1. 1.Department of Population, Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, Myanmar. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Naypyidaw: DOP; 2015.
  2. 2.Smith M. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity (2nd ed). Zed Books; 1999.
  3. 3.Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar. Report of the detailed findings (A/HRC/39/CRP.2). Geneva: UN OHCHR; 2018.
  4. 4.Steinberg DI. Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (3rd ed). Oxford University Press; 2021.
  5. 5.Cheesman N. Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar's Courts Make Law and Order. Cambridge University Press; 2015.

Other countries in Southeast Asia

Aggregate phenotype references for neighbouring Southeast Asia nations, weighted by demographic composition.

Browse all Southeast Asiaethnic groups & countries →