
South America
281 ethnic groups
Browse the 281 ethnic groups native to South America. Each profile documents facial features, skin tone, hair texture and body type. Explore the people below, or read the full South America phenotype and anatomy reference further down.
Abipón
The Gran Chaco between the Bermejo and Paraná rivers, in present-day Santa Fe, Chaco and Santiago del Estero provinces, northern Argentina.
Achagua
River terraces and gallery forests of the Meta River basin, Meta and Casanare departments, Colombia; historically extending into western Venezuela
Aché
Atlantic Forest of eastern Paraguay, now living in several communities in the country's east, including areas around the Mbaracayú Forest reserve
Aguaruna
Upper Marañón basin of northern Peru, across the Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto and San Martín regions, concentrated on the Cenepa, Nieva, Santiago and Chiriaco rivers.
Aikanã
Southern Rondônia, Brazil, mainly the Tubarão-Latundê Indigenous Territory in the upper Corumbiara headwaters near the Bolivian border region
Akawaio
Upper Mazaruni River basin, Cuyuni-Mazaruni region, western Guyana, with communities across the borders in eastern Venezuela and northern Brazil.
Akurio
Rainforest of southern Suriname near the Brazilian border; now mainly the Trio village of Tëpu on the upper Tapanahony River, Sipaliwini District, Suriname
Aluku
Upper Lawa (Maroni) River in French Guiana, around Papaïchton and Maripasoula; origins on plantations in eastern Suriname; large communities in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Kourou and Cayenne
Andaquí
Upper Magdalena valley (Suaza and Timaná area, Huila) and the Andean-Amazon piedmont of the upper Caquetá and Fragua rivers (Caquetá and Cauca), southern Colombia.
Andoque
The Aduche River and the middle Caquetá near Araracuara, on the Amazonas and Caquetá border, Colombia, with descendants in northeastern Peru
Apapocuva
Originally the Iguatemi River area of southern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, near Paraguay; migrations carried groups east to São Paulo state and the Atlantic coast.
Aparai
Along the Paru de Leste and Jari rivers in northern Pará state, Brazil, within the Tumucumaque and Rio Paru d'Este indigenous lands
Apiacá
Headwaters of the Tapajós basin along the Arinos, Juruena and Teles Pires rivers, northern Mato Grosso and southern Pará, Brazil
Arabela
Villages of Buena Vista and Flor de Coco on the Arabela River, a tributary of the Curaray in the Napo basin, Loreto region, northeastern Peru.
Araona
Northern La Paz department, Bolivia, mainly the Manupare River in Iturralde Province, in lowland forest between the Madidi and Manuripi basins
Arara
The Iriri River basin, a tributary of the Xingu, in Pará state, Brazil, on the Arara and Cachoeira Seca Indigenous territories
Atacameños
Oases and altiplano of the Atacama Desert, Antofagasta Region, northern Chile; also the Puna of Salta and Jujuy, Argentina, and southwestern Bolivia
Atikum
Serra do Umã, in the municipalities of Carnaubeira da Penha and Floresta, in the sertão of Pernambuco, Brazil
Atsahuaca
Andean foothill rainforest of southeastern Peru (Madre de Dios and northern Puno): the Carama, a tributary of the Tambopata, and the Chaspa, a tributary of the Inambari.
Auaké
Forested border highlands of Brazil and Venezuela: the upper Uraricoera River in Roraima, Brazil, and the Paragua River headwaters in Bolívar, Venezuela
Ava Guarani
Eastern Paraguay, especially Canindeyú and Alto Paraná, and neighboring Brazil in Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo
Awa-Kwaiker
The Pacific slope of the Andes in southern Colombia (Nariño and Putumayo) and the northern border provinces of Ecuador, principally Carchi
Ayarmaca
Uplands northwest of Cusco, between the Cusco Valley and the Urubamba River, southern highlands of Peru
Baure
Iténez Province, Beni Department, northeastern Bolivia, around the towns of Baures and Magdalena, near the Iténez (Guaporé) River and the Brazilian border
B'nai Moshe
Originally Cajamarca and Trujillo in northern Peru; most now live in Israel, many in West Bank settlements
Bora
Northwest Amazon between the Putumayo and Caquetá rivers: the Ampiyacu and Yaguasyacu basins near Pebas in Loreto, Peru, with related Miraña communities in Amazonas, Colombia.
Boroano
Boroa district between the Cautín (Imperial) and Toltén rivers, Araucanía Region, Chile; a 19th century offshoot on the Argentine pampas, today centered on Los Toldos, Buenos Aires Province.
Bushinengue
Interior river basins of Suriname and French Guiana, especially the Maroni and Marowijne, Tapanahoni, Lawa, Suriname and Saramacca rivers, with large communities in Paramaribo, Saint Laurent du Maroni, Cayenne and the Netherlands.
Caboclos
Brazil, above all the Amazon basin states of Para, Amazonas, Acre and Rondonia, with the term also used across the rural interior and the Northeast.
Caiçaras
Atlantic coast of southeastern and southern Brazil, from southern Rio de Janeiro state along the São Paulo shoreline to the bays of Paraná
Caipiras
The interior of São Paulo state and adjoining parts of southern Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and northern Paraná, in south-central Brazil.
Calchaquí
The Calchaquí Valleys of northwestern Argentina, across Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca provinces
Carijona
Colombian Amazon, historically along the Caquetá and Yarí rivers; today small communities in the Guaviare and Caquetá departments of Colombia
Cashibo
Headwater forests of the central Peruvian Amazon, on the Aguaytía, San Alejandro and Sungaroyacu rivers in the Ucayali and Huánuco regions of Peru.
Cavineño
Northern Bolivian Amazon, along the Beni River around Riberalta, in the Beni and Pando departments of Bolivia
Cayubaba
Beni Department, Bolivia, west of the Mamoré River and north of Santa Ana del Yacuma, centered on the town of Exaltación in Yacuma Province.
Chachi
Lowland rainforest of Esmeraldas province, northwestern Ecuador, along the Cayapas, Santiago, Onzole and Cananade rivers
Chaná
Islands of the lower Paraná delta and banks of the Uruguay River, in Entre Ríos and nearby provinces of Argentina and in western Uruguay, notably Soriano
Chané
Northern Gran Chaco plains and Andean foothills of eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), northern Argentina (Salta), Paraguay, and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil.
Chango
Pacific coast of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile (Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions), historically extending into southern Peru.
Charcas
Highlands and valleys of northern Potosí and Chuquisaca, Bolivia, centered on Sacaca and Chayanta, with valley outliers toward Cochabamba.
Chechehet
The pampas of southern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, toward the Atlantic coast and the lower Río Colorado
Chimila
Savanna and gallery forest between the Ariguaní and lower Magdalena rivers, Magdalena department, northern Colombia, south of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Chiquillanes
Eastern slopes of the Andes and nearby steppe in southern Mendoza Province, Argentina, with ties across the mountain passes to central Chile
Chiripá
Eastern Paraguay, with communities in Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina in Brazil and in Misiones, Argentina.
Chitareros
Eastern Andes around Pamplona, in Norte de Santander and northeastern Santander, Colombia, reaching into Táchira, Venezuela.
Chono
Archipelagos of southern Chile between Chiloé and the Gulf of Penas: the Guaitecas and Chonos islands and the coast of the Taitao Peninsula (Chile)
Chorote
The middle Pilcomayo River, straddling Salta province in northern Argentina and the Boquerón department of western Paraguay, with a small presence in southeastern Bolivia.
Coconuco
Andean highlands of Cauca Department, Colombia, around the Puracé volcano, the town of Coconuco and the Paletará plateau, southeast of Popayán

Cofán (A'i)
Northeastern Ecuador (Sucumbios) and southern Colombia (Putumayo); Aguarico and San Miguel rivers
Colla
Andean highlands and yungas of Jujuy and Salta in northwestern Argentina, the Atacama Region highlands of northern Chile, and western Bolivia
Cuiba
The Llanos of eastern Colombia (Casanare, Arauca, Vichada) and neighboring Apure state in Venezuela, along the Meta, Casanare, Ariporo and Capanaparo rivers
Cumanagoto
Northeastern coast of Venezuela, around Barcelona and Cumaná in Anzoátegui and Sucre states.
E'ñepa
The Cuchivero River basin and neighboring savanna and forest of west-central Bolivar State, Venezuela, south and east of Caicara del Orinoco.
Ese Ejja
Lowland rainforest along the Beni, Orthon, Madre de Dios, Tambopata and Heath rivers, in the Beni and Pando departments of northern Bolivia and the Madre de Dios region of southeastern Peru.
Fulni-ô
Águas Belas, in the semi-arid interior of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, on the Ipanema River; a small community also lives in Brasília.
Gamela
Baixada Maranhense floodplain around Viana, Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil, centered on the Taquaritiua territory
Gavião
Mãe Maria Indigenous Territory near Marabá, Pará, Brazil; the Pykobjê in the Governador Indigenous Territory, Maranhão, Brazil
Guahibo
The Llanos savanna of eastern Colombia (Meta, Vichada, Arauca, Guainía) and southern Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure), along the Orinoco, Meta and Vichada rivers.
Guaianá
Coast and inland plateau of present-day São Paulo state, Brazil; the name was later also applied to peoples of the southern interior toward Paraná
Guarani-Kaiowá
Southern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and northeastern Paraguay, mainly the Amambay region, where they are called Pai Tavyterã
Guayabero
Middle Guaviare River, in a handful of reserves (resguardos) in Guaviare and Meta departments, Colombia, several near San José del Guaviare.
Guayupe
Eastern Andean foothills and adjoining plains along the Ariari, Guape and Guayabero rivers, in today's Meta department, Colombia.
Harakmbut
Madre de Dios region and the Kosñipata valley of Cusco, southeastern Peru, along the Madre de Dios, Karene (Colorado) and Inambari rivers
Hitnü
The savanna plains of Arauca department in eastern Colombia, mainly in the municipality of Puerto Rondón.
Huambisa
The Santiago and Morona river basins in the Amazonas and Loreto regions of northern Peru, near the Ecuador border.
Huarpe
Cuyo region of west-central Argentina: Mendoza, San Juan and San Luis provinces, especially the Guanacache lagoons and the Lavalle department
Huilliche
Southern Chile, from around the Toltén River south through Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue to Chiloé Island, mainly in the Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions.
Huni Kuin
Headwaters of the upper Juruá and Purus basins: the state of Acre in Brazil, and the Purus and Curanja rivers in the Ucayali region of Peru.
Indo-Surinamese
Suriname, especially Paramaribo, Wanica, Nickerie, Saramacca and Commewijne; large diaspora in the Netherlands; ancestral origins in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
Inga
Southwestern Colombia: the Sibundoy Valley and lowlands of Putumayo, Aponte in Nariño, and parts of Caquetá, with urban communities in Bogotá and other cities.
Jeveros
Town and district of Jeberos, Alto Amazonas province, Loreto, northern Peru, in lowland forest between the Marañón and Huallaga rivers, in the Aipena river basin.
Kali'na
Atlantic coast of northern South America: French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, eastern Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Monagas, Bolívar) and a small community in Amapá, Brazil
Kambeba
The Solimões and upper Amazon floodplain in Amazonas state, Brazil, with remnant communities near Iquitos in northeastern Peru
Kanindé
Ceará, Brazil: Fernandes village in Aratuba (Serra de Baturité) and a community in the municipality of Canindé
Karajá
Middle Araguaia River valley and Bananal Island in central Brazil, across the states of Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Pará.
Karipuna do Amapá
Villages on the Curipi River in the Uaçá basin, Oiapoque municipality, Amapá state, northern Brazil, near the French Guiana border
Kariri
The sertão of northeastern Brazil. Historically from the middle São Francisco River to Ceará, Paraíba and Piauí; today communities in Bahia (Mirandela), Alagoas (Porto Real do Colégio, Palmeira dos Índios), Ceará and Piauí.
Kawésqar
Western Patagonian channels and fjords of Magallanes, southern Chile, from the Gulf of Penas to the Strait of Magellan; today mainly Puerto Edén, Puerto Natales and Punta Arenas.
Kaxarari
Terra Indígena Kaxarari, on the border of Amazonas and Rondônia (municipalities of Lábrea and Porto Velho), near Acre, Brazil
Kaxixó
Pará River valley in central Minas Gerais, Brazil, around the municipalities of Martinho Campos and Pompéu
Kichwa-Lamista
Lamas and the surrounding high-jungle valleys of the Mayo and Huallaga rivers, San Martín Region, northeastern Peru
Kiriri
Kiriri Indigenous Territory around Mirandela, in the semi-arid sertão of northeastern Bahia, Brazil, spanning the municipalities of Banzaê and Quijingue
Koreguaje
Middle Orteguaza River and nearby stretches of the Caquetá River in the Amazon piedmont of Caquetá department, southern Colombia, with smaller settlements in Putumayo.
Kuruaya
Curuá River, a tributary of the Iriri in the Xingu basin, and the city of Altamira, Pará, Brazil
Kỳikatêjê
Mãe Maria Indigenous Territory, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, near Marabá, southeastern Pará, Brazil; formerly farther up the Tocantins basin toward Maranhão
Lache
Highland valleys around the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, in northern Boyacá and the adjoining part of Santander, Colombia
Leco
Andean foothills and river valleys of northern La Paz Department, Bolivia: around Apolo (Franz Tamayo province) and Guanay, Mapiri and Tipuani (Larecaja province), along the Kaka, Mapiri and Tipuani rivers.
Lengua
Paraguayan Chaco, Paraguay: the Enxet in Presidente Hayes department toward the Paraguay River, the Enlhet in the central Chaco of Boquerón and Presidente Hayes
Lule
The western Gran Chaco and the Tucumán region of northwest Argentina, historically across the provinces of Salta, Tucumán and Santiago del Estero.
Machiguenga
The montaña and Amazon headwaters of southeastern Peru, chiefly the Urubamba and Manu basins in the departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios.
Machinere
Upper Iaco and Purus river basin in Acre state, Brazil, chiefly the Mamoadate Indigenous Land; smaller communities in Pando department, Bolivia
Maina
Upper Marañón River just below the Pongo de Manseriche, in the northern Peruvian Amazon (present-day Loreto, Peru)
Mamaindé
Western Brazil, near the border of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, between the Chapada dos Parecis and the Guaporé valley
Mawayana
Mixed villages shared with the Waiwai and Trio: the Mapuera River area of Pará in northern Brazil, Kwamalasamutu in southern Suriname, and far southern Guyana. Older territory lay around the Acarai range on the Brazil and Guyana border.
Mawé
Lower Amazon basin along the Andirá and Marau rivers, on the Amazonas and Pará state border, Brazil.
Mbayá
The upper Paraguay River basin: the northern Gran Chaco and the lands east of the river, in present-day northern Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Mbya Guarani
Atlantic Forest region of eastern Paraguay, Misiones province in northeastern Argentina, and southern and southeastern Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul to Espírito Santo
Minuane
Grasslands between the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, extending east across Uruguay into southern Rio Grande do Sul: today's Argentina (Entre Ríos), Uruguay and Brazil
Misak
Highland Cauca in southwestern Colombia, centered on the resguardo of Guambía near Silvia, with smaller settlements elsewhere in Cauca and in Huila.
Mocoví
Southern Gran Chaco, in the Argentine provinces of Chaco and Santa Fe, with urban communities in Rosario, Santa Fe city and Resistencia.
Mokaná
Atlántico Department on the Caribbean coast of northern Colombia, chiefly around Tubará, Galapa, Baranoa, Malambo, Usiacurí, Piojó and Puerto Colombia
Mosetén
Andean foothills and adjoining Amazonian lowlands of Bolivia, along the Alto Beni and Quiquibey rivers in the departments of La Paz, Cochabamba and Beni
Moxo
The Llanos de Moxos in the Beni department of lowland Bolivia, centered on Trinidad and San Ignacio de Moxos.
Muisca
Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the high plateau of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments in central Colombia, centered on Bogotá and Tunja
Mukurin
Atlantic Forest of eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil, within Botocudo country between the Doce and Jequitinhonha river valleys.
Muzo
Western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera along the Río Minero, in present western Boyacá with parts of Cundinamarca and Santander, Colombia.
Ndyuka
Tapanahony River and Marowijne District in southeastern Suriname, and the Maroni border region of French Guiana; large communities in Paramaribo and the Netherlands
Nomatsiguenga
Pangoa valley along the Sonomoro, Anapati and upper Pangoa rivers, Satipo province, Junín region, central Peru
Okaina
Northwest Amazon: the Loreto region of Peru, around the Ampiyacu and Putumayo rivers, and the Putumayo basin in southern Colombia
Omaguaca
Quebrada de Humahuaca in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina, around Tilcara and Humahuaca; historically also southern Tarija, Bolivia
Otavalo
Imbabura province in the northern highlands of Ecuador, centered on the town of Otavalo and Lake San Pablo
Pai Tavytera
Amambay and neighboring departments of eastern Paraguay; across the border in southern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, where they are known as Kaiowá
Panche
The middle Magdalena valley and the western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera, in what is now Cundinamarca and northern Tolima, Colombia
Pastos
Highlands of southern Nariño department, Colombia (around Ipiales, Cumbal, Guachucal and Túquerres), and Carchi province in northern Ecuador
Pemon
Gran Sabana and Canaima region of Bolívar state in southeastern Venezuela, extending into Roraima state, Brazil, and western Guyana
Piapoco
Eastern Colombian Llanos and Orinoco basin, along the Guaviare, Vichada and Meta rivers (Vichada, Guainía and Meta departments), with communities in Amazonas state, Venezuela
Piaroa
Middle Orinoco basin and its tributaries in Amazonas state, Venezuela, with a smaller population in Vichada, Colombia.
Pilagá
Central and eastern Formosa Province, Argentina, in the Gran Chaco between the Pilcomayo and Bermejo rivers.
Puruborá
Manoel Correia River area, a tributary of the São Miguel in the Guaporé basin, near Seringueiras, Rondônia, Brazil.
Puruhá
The central Ecuadorian Andes, chiefly Chimborazo province around Riobamba, with communities in neighboring Tungurahua and Bolívar.
Q'ero
Hatun Q'ero and neighboring hamlets on the eastern slopes of the Andes, Paucartambo province, Cusco region, Peru, below the peak of Ausangate.
Querandí
The pampas and river margins around the Río de la Plata, in present-day Buenos Aires Province and neighboring areas of Argentina
Quijos-Quichua
Upper Napo River basin in the Ecuadorian Amazon, centered on Tena and Archidona in Napo Province and extending into Orellana and Sucumbíos, with smaller communities downriver in Peru.
Quilombolas
Rural and peri-urban communities across Brazil, concentrated in Bahia and Maranhão, with many also in Minas Gerais, Pará, Goiás and other states
Quimbaya
Middle Cauca River valley and the slopes of the Central Cordillera, Colombia: today's Quindío, Risaralda, Caldas and northern Valle del Cauca.
Ranquel
The caldén forest zone of the central Pampas (Mamüll Mapu): southern San Luis, southern Córdoba and northern La Pampa, Argentina
Sáliba
Eastern Llanos of Colombia, mainly Casanare along the Meta River near Orocué, with smaller communities elsewhere in the Colombian plains and in Venezuela
Sanapaná
The Paraguayan Chaco, mainly Presidente Hayes department and adjacent Alto Paraguay, west of the Paraguay River
Sápara
Lowland Amazon rainforest of Pastaza province, eastern Ecuador, along the Conambo, Pindoyacu and Curaray rivers, with related families across the border in Loreto, Peru.
Saraguros
Southern highlands of Ecuador, centered on Saraguro canton in Loja Province, with long-established settlements in Zamora Chinchipe in the Amazonian lowlands; migrant communities in Spain and the United States.
Saramaka
Upper Suriname River and Brokopondo area in the interior of Suriname, with large communities in Paramaribo, French Guiana and the Netherlands.
Secoya
Northeastern Ecuador along the Aguarico, Cuyabeno and Shushufindi rivers (Sucumbíos), and northeastern Peru on tributaries of the Putumayo and Napo (Loreto)
Shiriana
Demini and Araçá rivers, north-bank tributaries of the middle Rio Negro, Amazonas state, northern Brazil
Sikiana
Headwaters of the Trombetas river system in northern Pará state, Brazil, near the Suriname and Guyana borders; now living in mission-era villages and the Kaxuyana-Tunayana Indigenous Territory
Siriano
Papurí River basin in Vaupés department, Colombia, and the adjacent upper Rio Negro region of Amazonas state, Brazil
Sirionó
Beni department in the eastern lowlands of Bolivia, chiefly around Ibiato north of Trinidad, with communities extending toward Santa Cruz
Sutagao
Fusagasugá valley and the Sumapaz highlands, south of the Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca, Colombia
Tacana
Andean piedmont and adjacent Amazon lowlands of northern La Paz Department, Bolivia, around Tumupasa, Ixiamas and San Buenaventura, with families in Beni and Pando
Tapajós
Lower Tapajós River at its meeting with the Amazon, around present-day Santarém, Pará, Brazil
Taruma
Historically the lower Rio Negro near present-day Manaus, Brazil; later the upper Essequibo River in southern Guyana, where descendants live within Wai-Wai and Wapishana communities
Taushiro
Tigre River basin in the Loreto region of the northern Peruvian Amazon, along the Aucayacu and Ahuaruna rivers; the last speaker lives in the town of Intuto.
Tehuelche
Eastern Patagonia from the Río Negro to the Strait of Magellan, in Argentina (Chubut, Santa Cruz, Río Negro) and southern Chile (Magallanes)
Tenharim
Southern Amazonas state, Brazil, along the Marmelos River and nearby waterways including the Sepoti and Igarapé Preto, near Humaitá on the Trans-Amazonian Highway
Teushen
Interior Patagonia in southern Argentina, between Tehuelche lands to the south and Puelche lands to the north.

Ticuna
Upper Amazon tri-border of Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia (Amazonas), and Peru (Loreto), along the Solimoes / Amazon river
Timoto-Cuicas
High valleys and páramos of the Venezuelan Andes, chiefly the present-day states of Mérida and Trujillo, Venezuela.
Tremembé
Coastal Ceará, Brazil, around Itarema, Acaraú and Itapipoca; historically the shoreline from the Parnaíba delta to Ceará
Tsimané
Lowland Beni Department in northern Bolivia, along the Maniqui, Apere and Quiquibey rivers around the town of San Borja.
Tucano
The Vaupés river basin on the Colombia and Brazil border: Vaupés department in Colombia and the upper Rio Negro of Amazonas state in Brazil.
Tupinambá
The Atlantic coast of Brazil, historically from Rio de Janeiro north through Bahia to Maranhão and the lower Amazon; today concentrated around Olivença and Ilhéus in southern Bahia.
Umutina
Terra Indígena Umutina, between the Paraguay and Bugres rivers near Barra do Bugres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Urarina
The Chambira, Urituyacu, Corrientes and Patayacu river basins of Loreto region, northeastern Peru
Urus
Floating reed islands of Lake Titicaca near Puno, Peru, and the Bolivian altiplano along the Desaguadero River, the former Lake Poopó and the Chipaya area of Oruro department
U'wa
Eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in northeastern Colombia, across parts of Boyacá, Norte de Santander, Santander, Arauca and Casanare.
Vilela
Gran Chaco of northern Argentina, historically along the Bermejo River; today mainly Chaco and Santiago del Estero provinces
Wapishana
Rupununi savanna of southern Guyana, mainly south of the Kanuku Mountains, and the neighboring state of Roraima in northern Brazil

Wari' (Pakaa Nova)
Rondonia, southwestern Brazilian Amazon, near the Pacaas Novos river and the Bolivian border
Wassu Cocal
Wassu-Cocal Indigenous Territory in the Zona da Mata of northern Alagoas, northeastern Brazil, centered on the municipality of Joaquim Gomes and crossed by highway BR-101.
Wayana
Upper Maroni, Lawa, Litani and Tapanahony rivers in Suriname and French Guiana, and the Paru de Leste river in Pará, Brazil
Wiwa
Southern and eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the departments of Cesar, La Guajira and Magdalena, Colombia
Xambioá
Terra Indígena Xambioá on the Araguaia River, municipality of Santa Fé do Araguaia, northern Tocantins, Brazil
Xerente
Cerrado on the right bank of the Tocantins River, around Tocantínia in the state of Tocantins, Brazil.
Xipaya
Iriri and Curuá rivers in the middle Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil, with a large community in the city of Altamira
Xokleng
Ibirama-Laklãnõ Indigenous Land in the Itajaí do Norte (Hercílio) River valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil; historically forest and plateau lands across Santa Catarina and into Paraná
Xokó
São Pedro Island and the Caiçara lands on the lower São Francisco River, municipality of Porto da Folha, Sergipe, Brazil
Yaghan
Islands south of the Beagle Channel to Cape Horn, Tierra del Fuego, Chile and Argentina; today centered on Villa Ukika near Puerto Williams, Navarino Island, Chile
Yagua
Riverbank villages in the Amazon lowlands of Loreto, northeastern Peru, along the Amazon and its tributaries, with a smaller population in the Colombian Amazon.
Yanesha
Cloud forest and river valleys of the central Peruvian Amazon, in the Pasco, Junín and Huánuco regions of Peru
Yariguí
Middle Magdalena valley and the western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera, around present-day Barrancabermeja, Santander, Colombia
Yaruro
The seasonally flooded llanos of southern Apure state, southwestern Venezuela, along the Capanaparo, Riecito and Cinaruco rivers in the Orinoco basin.

Ye'kuana
Upper Orinoco headwaters, southern Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolivar) and northern Brazil (Roraima); Caura and Ventuari rivers
Yine
Lower Urubamba and upper Ucayali rivers and the Madre de Dios basin in eastern Peru; closely related Manchineri communities in Acre, Brazil
Yucuna
Mirití-Paraná River basin and nearby stretches of the Caquetá River, Amazonas department, southeastern Colombia
Yukpa
The Serranía del Perijá on the Colombia and Venezuela border: Cesar and Norte de Santander departments in Colombia, Zulia state in Venezuela.
Yuqui
Chapare region of Cochabamba Department, along the Chimoré River in the Bolivian Amazon lowlands, Bolivia
Yuracaré
The Chapare and the Isiboro, Sécure and Ichilo river country of the Bolivian departments of Cochabamba and Beni, in the foothills between the Andes and the Amazon basin.
Yuruti
Caño Yi, Caño Tuy and the upper Paca River, plus stretches of the Vaupés River, in Vaupés department, southeastern Colombia.
South America Body & Anatomy Reference
South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype: adult AI generation reference across South America
South America Women: Boobs & Breasts
South America women's tits and boobs run medium-to-large cup, full, high projection, the classic South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix bust profile across South America. Nipples and areolas show medium-brown to dark-brown areolar pigmentation against the tan-to-deep-brown skin tone, with areolar diameter typically in the 32-46mm range and forward-set positioning rather than the the smaller bust profile of Andean Indigenous sub-populations. South America breasts trend the classic Brazilian / Latina curvy bust profile in lowland populations; smaller and shorter-set in Andean Indigenous populations, a function of the endomorph-to-mesomorph with high gluteal-femoral deposition body habitus and mean adult female BMI 25-28. For anatomically-accurate AI-generated South America nude women the render preserves: medium-to-large cup, full, high projection shape, 32-46mm areolas with regional pigmentation, and the torso proportions of the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype.
South America Women: Ass & Hips
South America women's ass and hip morphology presents as full, high projection, the famous Brazilian / Latina bunda profile, distinctly different from the slim narrow-hip East Asian profile. South America pelvic profile shows wide iliac crests, very full gluteal-femoral fat deposition (the hallmark Brazilian / Latina hip-to-waist ratio), anchored in the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix skeletal pattern. South America butt shots in adult AI imagery should render the full, high projection, the famous Brazilian / Latina bunda profile silhouette with the endomorph-to-mesomorph with high gluteal-femoral deposition build and the gluteal-femoral fat distribution typical of the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype rather than defaulting to a globally-averaged shape that generic AI generators produce.
South America Women: Vagina & Pussy
South America women's pussy and vulvar anatomy presents medium-brown to dark-brown labial pigmentation, fuller labia minora, consistent with the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype's pigmentation pattern. South America pubic hair is typically wavy-to-curly coarse dark texture, dense distribution, distributed in the inverted-triangle pattern with regional-typical density. AI-generated South America nude imagery should preserve the medium-brown to dark-brown labial pigmentation and the wavy-to-curly coarse dark texture hair texture rather than defaulting to a Western-European pink-and-sparse template. For anatomically-accurate South America pussy renders the labial pigmentation should match the surrounding tan to deep-brown skin tone of the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype.
South America Men: Dicks & Penis
South America men's dick and penile anatomy in adult AI generation should anchor on the regional reference data: regional mean ~13cm erect, moderate-to-above-average girth, and medium-brown shaft pigmentation. South America cock profile reflects the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix ancestral population's anthropometric measurements rather than a globally-averaged Western-pornography default. For anatomically-accurate South America nude male imagery the shaft pigmentation should track the surrounding tan to deep-brown skin tone, with continuous glans-to-shaft pigmentation transition and the wavy-to-curly coarse dark texture pubic-hair texture distributed in the typical inverted-V escutcheon.
South America: Body, Curves & Build
South America body type and overall build presents as endomorph-to-mesomorph with high gluteal-femoral deposition, with mean adult female BMI 25-28: the characteristic South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix habitus. South America curves and proportions in adult AI imagery should preserve the regional skeletal frame (height, shoulder-to-hip ratio, limb proportions) rather than scaling to a Western-European mesomorph default. The South America nude female form, when rendered with anatomical fidelity, shows the height range, frame width, and adipose distribution pattern typical of the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype. Generic AI image generators tend to collapse regional body types into a few default shapes; the EthnicErotic phenotype-anchored approach preserves the South America build as its own reference category.
South America: Skin Tone & Hair Texture
South America skin tone falls in the tan to deep-brown (Fitzpatrick III-VI) band, the surface signal most often miscalibrated by generic AI nude generators trained on Western-photographic datasets. South America hair texture is typically straight-to-curly 1A-3C, varies widely by ancestral composition, characteristic of the South American Indigenous / European-Mestizo / Afro-Latino mix phenotype. For anatomically-accurate South America nude renders the skin should hold the Fitzpatrick band consistently across body surface rather than showing the lighter-than-face body shading that AI generators default to.
South America: The Historical Erotic Record
Named positions and museum-attested works from this region’s manuals, art & literature
Moche erotic ceramics
Moche (pre-Columbian Andes) · c. 100–800 CE
- The rear-entry vessels(known today as Doggy style)
- The fellatio vessels(known today as Fellatio (kneeling))
- The lying-couple vessels(known today as Spooning)
In the museum record
Moche Culture, Peru — Huaco Erótico Stirrup-Spout Ceramics
7 catalogued works
- Pre-Penetration Scene, ML004214, Museo Larco, Lima; Virú Valley
- Fellatio Scene with Priest Figure, ML004282, Museo Larco, Lima; Chicama Valley
- Fellatio Vessel with Disproportionate Female Figure, ML004284, Museo Larco, Lima
- Masturbation of the Skeletal Ancestor, ML004341, Museo Larco, Lima
- Mythological Union of Ai Apaec and the Earth, ML004359, Museo Larco, Lima; Casma Valley
+ 2 more
Full entries with verification notes on the history timeline.





















































































