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Sudan

SD

North Africa

Sudan is home to 8 documented ethnic groups in North Africa — led by Arab Sudanese (~70%), Sudanese Other (~9%), Sudanese Nubian (~8%), Beja (~5%). This page blends their phenotype and demographic data into one weighted reference: skin tone, facial features, hair texture and build, drawn from published census and ancestry sources.

Demographic Composition

Composition weights are derived from self-identification in published census and demographic surveys. Each row links to the source ethnic-group atlas page.

Ethnic groupWeightSource
Arab SudaneseArab Sudanese70.0%Estimated from Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics 2008 Census plus subsequent demographic estimates; Arab-Sudanese (~70%) — the dominant ethno-linguistic identification, predominantly the Ja'alin, Shaigia, Danaqla, Shukria, Kababish, Baggara, plus other Arab tribal-confederations. Concentrated in central, eastern, and northern Sudan plus Khartoum metropolitan area
Sudanese OtherSudanese Other9.1%Estimates residual; includes the Beja-related Rashaida (Arab tribal-confederation of the Red Sea), Funj (the historic Funj Sultanate descendants), various Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan peoples not separately enumerated, plus the substantial post-2011 South Sudanese refugee population (~1.7M+ in Sudan since the 2011 South Sudan independence and subsequent civil wars)
Sudanese NubianSudanese Nubian8.0%Estimates; Nubian Sudanese (~8%, ~3.5M+); concentrated in northern Sudan along the Nile (the historic Nubian region). Cross-border population shared with Egypt
BejaBeja5.0%Estimates; Beja (~5%, ~2.2M+); concentrated in eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala states) plus cross-border populations in Eritrea and Egypt. Cushitic-language Indigenous population. Distinct sub-groups: Bisharin, Ababda, Hadendowa, Beni Amer
Nuba MountainsNuba Mountains3.0%Estimates; Nuba Mountains peoples (~3%, ~1.3M+); concentrated in South Kordofan / Nuba Mountains region. Approximately 50+ distinct Nuba ethnic groups speaking various Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages. Distinct from broader Northern Sudanese populations through religious diversity (Christian, Muslim, traditional / animist) and cultural-political marginalization
Fur SudaneseFur Sudanese2.5%Estimates; Fur (~2.5%, ~1.1M+); concentrated in Darfur (the western Sudan region, the historic Fur Sultanate). Subject to documented genocide during the 2003-2005 Darfur conflict (the UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur 2005 found systematic ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity). Nilo-Saharan / Fur language family
MasalitMasalit1.2%Estimates; Masalit (~1.2%, ~520,000+); concentrated in West Darfur (Sudan-Chad border region). Maba / Nilo-Saharan language family. Subject to documented violence during the 2003-2005 Darfur conflict and continuing 2023-present civil war (the 2023 mass killings in El Geneina specifically targeted Masalit)
ZaghawaZaghawa1.2%Estimates; Zaghawa (~1.2%, ~500,000+); concentrated in northern Darfur and eastern Chad. Saharan / Nilo-Saharan language family. Cross-border population

Sudan Phenotype Profile

Sudan's population is dominated by Arab-Sudanese (~70%) with substantial Nubian (~8%), Beja (~5%), Nuba Mountains peoples (~3%), Fur (~2.5%), Masalit (~1.2%), Zaghawa (~1.2%), and other smaller communities (~9%). The country's demographic structure reflects approximately 5,000+ years of population processes — the foundational Nubian / Cushitic / Sub-Saharan African substrate, the post-7th-c. Arab Islamic conquest and subsequent gradual Arabization, the post-19th-c. Mahdist period and Anglo-Egyptian condominium, the post-1956 independence period including the multiple civil wars (the First Sudanese Civil War 1955-1972, the Second Sudanese Civil War 1983-2005 culminating in South Sudan's 2011 independence, the 2003-2005 Darfur conflict, the 2011-present South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict, and the 2023-present Sudan civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces).

Genome-wide studies place Sudanese populations as showing substantial Sub-Saharan African source-population ancestry combined with smaller North African / Arabian-Peninsula admixture in the Arab-Sudanese populations. Skin tone across the population spans Fitzpatrick V-VI with V-VI the modal value nationally — substantially darker than North African Arab populations on average, similar to broader East African / Sub-Saharan African source populations. Hair texture is predominantly Andre Walker 3B-4C across the broader population (curly to coily). Hair color is uniformly black to very dark brown. Eye color is uniformly brown to dark brown. Facial features track North African / Sub-Saharan African transition zone source populations. Build is typically robust and tall — adult Sudanese males have documented mean stature of approximately 175-178 cm in some sub-populations, among the taller mean statures in Africa.

A descriptive view, not a claim about individuals

This page shows a weighted aggregate of phenotype observations across the Sudan population, based on demographic composition from published census and ancestry sources. Phenotypes within any country are far more varied than the aggregate suggests; this is a descriptive reference, not a deterministic claim about any individual. For source-level detail on individual ethnic groups, see the constituent atlas pages linked below.

Methodology Notes

Composition weights are estimated based on the Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics 2008 Census plus subsequent demographic estimates and academic studies. The 2008 Census was the last comprehensive Sudanese census; the planned 2018 census did not proceed due to political instability. Caveats: (1) the 2003-2005 Darfur genocide produced documented mass killing of Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa, and other non-Arab Darfur populations with substantial demographic disruption; (2) the 2011 South Sudan independence partition removed approximately 8 million predominantly Christian / animist Sub-Saharan African Sudanese population from Sudan to the new South Sudan state — the post-2011 Sudan demographic distribution reflects this partition; (3) the 2023-present Sudan civil war has produced massive displacement (estimated 8M+ displaced or refugee outside Sudan as of 2024) that has substantially altered demographic distribution; (4) the substantial South Sudanese, Eritrean, and Ethiopian refugee populations create additional demographic complexity; (5) the various Sudanese ethnic-tribal groupings have meaningful linguistic and cultural distinctness within the umbrella categorizations.

See full project methodology →

Primary Sources

  1. 1.Central Bureau of Statistics Sudan. 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. Khartoum: CBS; 2009.
  2. 2.International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur. Report to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva: UN; 2005.
  3. 3.Pagani L, Schiffels S, Gurdasani D, et al. Tracing the route of modern humans out of Africa by using 225 human genome sequences from Ethiopians and Egyptians. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(6):986-991.
  4. 4.O'Fahey RS, Spaulding JL. Kingdoms of the Sudan. Methuen; 1974.
  5. 5.de Waal A. Famine That Kills: Darfur, Sudan (rev ed). Oxford University Press; 2005.

Other countries in North Africa

Aggregate phenotype references for neighbouring North Africa nations, weighted by demographic composition.

Browse all North Africaethnic groups & countries →