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Location of South Sudan on the globe

South Sudan

SS

North Africa

South Sudan is home to 7 documented ethnic groups in North Africa — led by South Sudan Other (~37%), Dinka (~36%), Nuer (~16%), Azande (~4%). This page blends their phenotype and demographic data into one weighted reference: skin tone, facial features, hair texture and build, drawn from published census and ancestry sources.

Demographic Composition

Composition weights are derived from self-identification in published census and demographic surveys. Each row links to the source ethnic-group atlas page.

Ethnic groupWeightSource
South Sudan OtherSouth Sudan Other37.4%Estimates residual including the Murle (~150,000+, Surma source-population, distinct from broader Nilotic populations and historically tense relations with Dinka and Nuer), Toposa (~100,000+, Eastern Nilotic), Acholi (~150,000+, cross-border with Uganda), Madi, Kakwa, Pojulu, Lugbara, Avukaya, Anuak, Murle, Kuku, plus dozens of smaller ethnic groups across South Sudan's approximately 60+ recognized ethnic groups
DinkaDinka35.8%Estimated from 2008 Sudan Census (the last pre-independence census) plus subsequent estimates; Dinka (Jieng) (~35.8%); the largest ethnic group, concentrated in the Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile, and Jonglei states. Nilotic / Western Nilotic source population. The Dinka are politically dominant in post-independence South Sudan — President Salva Kiir Mayardit is Dinka
NuerNuer15.8%Estimates; Nuer (Naath) (~15.8%); concentrated in Upper Nile, Unity, and Jonglei states. Nilotic / Western Nilotic source population. Closely related to Dinka linguistically and culturally; Riek Machar (former Vice President) is Nuer. The post-2013 South Sudanese Civil War was substantially structured around Dinka-Nuer political-military rivalry
AzandeAzande4.0%Estimates; Zande / Azande (~4%); concentrated in Western Equatoria. Niger-Congo / Adamawa-Ubangi language family. Cross-border population shared with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic
ShillukShilluk3.0%Estimates; Shilluk (Chollo) (~3%); concentrated in Upper Nile State. Nilotic / Western Nilotic source population, distinct from Dinka and Nuer. Maintains the historic Shilluk Kingdom (the Reth / King institution traces approximately 600 years)
BariBari2.5%Estimates; Bari (~2.5%); concentrated in Central Equatoria around Juba (the South Sudanese capital). Nilotic / Eastern Nilotic source population, distinct from Western Nilotic Dinka-Nuer-Shilluk
LotukoLotuko1.5%Estimates; Lotuko / Otuho (~1.5%); concentrated in Eastern Equatoria. Nilotic / Eastern Nilotic source population

South Sudan Phenotype Profile

South Sudan is among the most ethnolinguistically diverse African countries — approximately 60+ recognized ethnic groups across multiple language families (predominantly Nilo-Saharan / Nilotic with Niger-Congo, Surma, and other source populations). The major umbrellas: Dinka (~36%, the largest), Nuer (~16%), Azande (~4%), Shilluk (~3%), Bari (~2.5%), Lotuko (~1.5%), plus the residual ~37% across approximately 50+ smaller ethnic groups. The country gained independence from Sudan in 2011 following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that concluded the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005). The post-2013 South Sudanese Civil War (the world's youngest national civil war) was substantially structured around Dinka-Nuer political-military rivalry plus broader inter-ethnic tensions, with documented mass killings, displacement, and humanitarian catastrophe.

Genome-wide studies place South Sudanese populations as showing characteristic East African / Nilotic source-population ancestry — the Western Nilotic populations (Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk) cluster genetically with broader Nilotic populations of East Africa. Skin tone across the population spans Fitzpatrick V-VI with VI the modal value nationally — among the darkest national modal skin tone distributions globally. Hair texture is predominantly Andre Walker 4A-4C (coily). Hair color is uniformly black to very dark brown. Eye color is uniformly brown to dark brown. Facial features track Nilotic / East African source populations across the broader population, with characteristic Niger-Congo source-population features in the Azande and other Bantu-related populations. Build is typically robust and very tall — adult South Sudanese (particularly Dinka and Nuer) male mean stature is documented at approximately 180-185 cm, among the tallest mean statures of any major national population globally.

A descriptive view, not a claim about individuals

This page shows a weighted aggregate of phenotype observations across the South Sudan population, based on demographic composition from published census and ancestry sources. Phenotypes within any country are far more varied than the aggregate suggests; this is a descriptive reference, not a deterministic claim about any individual. For source-level detail on individual ethnic groups, see the constituent atlas pages linked below.

Methodology Notes

Composition weights are estimated based on the 2008 Sudan Census (the last pre-independence census that included South Sudanese populations) plus subsequent academic estimates and ethnographic studies. South Sudan has not conducted a comprehensive census since 2008. Caveats: (1) the post-2013 civil war has produced massive displacement (estimated 4M+ displaced or refugee outside South Sudan as of 2024) that has substantially altered demographic distribution; (2) the various ethnic-tribal-confederation distinctions have meaningful political-cultural significance but the boundaries are sometimes contested; (3) the substantial South Sudanese refugee diaspora globally (~2.5M+ predominantly in Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, the United States, Australia) is not captured in source-country composition; (4) the Dinka-Nuer political-military rivalry has been a central feature of post-2013 South Sudanese politics and has produced inter-ethnic tensions affecting demographic distribution.

See full project methodology →

Primary Sources

  1. 1.Central Bureau of Statistics Sudan. 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. Khartoum: CBS; 2009 (last pre-independence census including South Sudan).
  2. 2.Johnson DH. The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars (rev ed). James Currey; 2016.
  3. 3.Hutchinson SE. Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State. University of California Press; 1996.
  4. 4.Deng FM. The Dinka of the Sudan. Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1972.
  5. 5.Pagani L, Schiffels S, Gurdasani D, et al. Tracing the route of modern humans out of Africa by using 225 human genome sequences from Ethiopians and Egyptians. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(6):986-991.

Other countries in North Africa

Aggregate phenotype references for neighbouring North Africa nations, weighted by demographic composition.

Browse all North Africaethnic groups & countries →