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Nepal

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South Asia

Nepal is home to 14 documented ethnic groups in South Asia — led by Khas Arya (~31%), Indian Origin Nepalese (~15%), Nepalese Other (~14%), Magar (~7%). This page blends their phenotype and demographic data into one weighted reference: skin tone, facial features, hair texture and build, drawn from published census and ancestry sources.

Demographic Composition

Composition weights are derived from self-identification in published census and demographic surveys. Each row links to the source ethnic-group atlas page.

Ethnic groupWeightSource
Khas AryaKhas Arya31.4%Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal 2021 Census; Khas Arya populations (Chhetri ~16.5% + Bahun/Hill Brahmin ~11.3% + Thakuri ~1.0% + Sanyasi/Dasnami ~0.9% + Khas-related sub-castes) comprise approximately 31.4% of the Nepalese population. The Khas Arya are the dominant Hindu Indo-Aryan-language-speaking population of the Nepalese hills, historically the politically dominant group through the unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah in the 18th c. and the post-1990 democratic period
Indian Origin NepaleseIndian Origin Nepalese15.0%Nepal 2021 Census, residual including the substantial Indo-Aryan caste populations of the Terai (Madhesi communities including Brahman-Hill, Yadav, Mushar, Chamar, Dusadh, Tatma, Khatwe, Dhanuk, Kewat, Lohar, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayasth, Halwai, Kurmi-Awadhi, plus smaller groups; the Madhesi vs hill / pahadi political distinction has been politically salient since 2007)
Nepalese OtherNepalese Other14.5%Nepal 2021 Census, residual including approximately 100+ smaller ethnic and caste groups not enumerated above — the Janajati Indigenous communities (Sunuwar, Yakkha, Sherpa-related groups, etc.), various Madhesi and hill caste communities, plus the Dalit communities (Damai, Kami, Sarki, Sunar, Badi, Gaine, Halkhor, Doom, etc., predominantly hill-Dalit and Terai-Dalit sub-populations facing substantial caste-based marginalization)
MagarMagar7.3%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Magar (~7.3%, ~2.1M); the largest Tibeto-Burman ethnic group in Nepal, concentrated in central and western Nepal. Magar communities have been historically prominent in the Gurkha military tradition
TharuTharu6.3%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Tharu (~6.3%, ~1.8M); the Indigenous people of the Terai (the lowland plain along the Indian border). Genetic studies document substantial Tharu adaptation to malaria and other Terai-environment challenges. Tibeto-Burman with substantial Indo-Aryan influence; multiple Tharu sub-communities (Rana Tharu, Dangaura Tharu, Chitwania Tharu, Kochila Tharu)
TamangTamang5.7%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Tamang (~5.7%, ~1.6M); concentrated in the central Nepal hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley. Tibeto-Burman, predominantly Tibetan Buddhist (Nyingma and Kagyu schools)
NewarNewar5.0%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Newar (~5.0%, ~1.4M); the historically dominant ethnic group of Kathmandu Valley. The Newar speak Nepal Bhasa (a Tibeto-Burman language with substantial Sanskrit and Indo-Aryan influence); the community is religiously diverse including Newar Hindu and Newar Buddhist (Vajrayana / Nepalese Tantric Buddhism) sub-populations. The historically distinguished Newar civilization produced the architectural heritage of Kathmandu Valley (UNESCO World Heritage)
Muslim NepaleseMuslim Nepalese4.6%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Muslim Nepali (~4.6%, ~1.3M); the Nepalese Muslim community concentrated in the Terai region with substantial cross-border cultural ties to Indian Muslim populations. Predominantly Sunni with smaller Shia communities
Yadav NepaleseYadav Nepalese4.0%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Yadav (~4.0%, ~1.1M); the Hindu Indo-Aryan caste-community of the Terai region, traditional cattle-herders. Cross-border population shared with Indian Yadav communities
RaiRai2.3%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Rai (~2.3%, ~654,000); umbrella for multiple closely-related Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups (Bantawa, Chamling, Khaling, Kulung, Limbu-related subgroups, etc.) of eastern Nepal hills
GurungGurung1.9%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Gurung (~1.9%, ~553,000); concentrated in central Nepal hills (Kaski, Lamjung, Manang). Tibeto-Burman, predominantly Tibetan Buddhist with smaller Hindu communities. Gurung communities have been disproportionately represented in the British Gurkha and Indian Army Gurkha military traditions
LimbuLimbu1.4%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Limbu (~1.4%, ~395,000); concentrated in eastern Nepal hills. Tibeto-Burman, with the distinct Yakthung Mundhum religious tradition plus Hindu and Buddhist sub-populations
SherpaSherpa0.5%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Sherpa (~0.5%, ~150,000); concentrated in the high-altitude Solukhumbu region (the Mount Everest area) plus other Himalayan zones. Tibeto-Burman, Tibetan Buddhist (Nyingma school), descended from Tibetan migrants who entered Nepal approximately the 16th c. CE. Sherpa communities have been disproportionately represented in Himalayan mountaineering expeditions
ThakaliThakali0.1%Nepal 2021 Census, self-identified Thakali (~0.1%, ~13,000); concentrated in Mustang and Myagdi districts of central Nepal. Tibeto-Burman, the historic salt-trade community of the trans-Himalayan trade route

Nepal Phenotype Profile

Nepal's population is structured around a complex multi-ethnic / multi-caste composition reflecting the country's geographic position as the central Himalayan and trans-Himalayan corridor between South Asia and Tibet / East Asia. The 2021 Census enumerates over 125 distinct ethnic / caste groups. The major umbrellas: Khas Arya (~31%, Hindu Indo-Aryan-language hill-caste populations), Indian-origin Madhesi populations (~25-30% combined including Yadav, Muslim Nepali, and various Madhesi caste communities of the Terai), Tibeto-Burman Janajati populations (~30%+ combined including Magar, Tharu, Tamang, Newar, Rai, Gurung, Limbu, Sherpa, Thakali, plus ~50+ smaller groups), and Dalit / marginalized caste populations (~13% across hill-Dalit and Terai-Dalit sub-populations).

Genome-wide patterns reflect the substantial East Asian / Tibeto-Burman vs South Asian Indo-Aryan ancestry gradient — Khas Arya populations carry primarily South Asian Indo-Aryan ancestry; Tibeto-Burman Janajati populations carry substantial East Asian / Tibetan-source ancestry; Madhesi Terai populations carry primarily South Asian Indo-Aryan ancestry similar to neighboring Northern Indian populations.

Skin tone across the population spans Fitzpatrick II-VI with III-IV the modal value nationally. The Khas Arya Hindu-caste populations skew toward Fitzpatrick III-IV; the Tibeto-Burman Janajati populations skew toward Fitzpatrick III-IV with characteristic East Asian features; the Madhesi Terai populations skew toward Fitzpatrick IV-V; the Dalit communities show varied phenotype distributions corresponding to regional source populations. Hair is predominantly straight (Andre Walker 1A-1B) and uniformly black or very dark brown across most populations. Eye color is uniformly brown to dark brown across most populations with elevated lighter-eye frequencies in some Khas Arya families. Facial features show clear regional patterning. Build varies; adult Nepalese male mean stature is approximately 162-167 cm in 2010s-2020s cohorts (somewhat shorter than the broader Indian average, reflecting both genetic ancestry and developmental nutritional factors).

A descriptive view, not a claim about individuals

This page shows a weighted aggregate of phenotype observations across the Nepal population, based on demographic composition from published census and ancestry sources. Phenotypes within any country are far more varied than the aggregate suggests; this is a descriptive reference, not a deterministic claim about any individual. For source-level detail on individual ethnic groups, see the constituent atlas pages linked below.

Methodology Notes

Composition weights are derived from the Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal 2021 Population and Housing Census, the most recent comprehensive Nepalese census. Nepal enumerates ethnicity / caste as a detailed census variable across 125+ recognized ethnic / caste groups. Caveats: (1) the Khas Arya umbrella aggregates substantial sub-caste hierarchy (Bahun, Chhetri, Thakuri, Sanyasi/Dasnami) with meaningful social-political distinctions; (2) the Tibeto-Burman Janajati umbrellas (Magar, Tharu, Rai, etc.) aggregate sub-groups with substantial linguistic and cultural distinctness; (3) the Madhesi vs hill / pahadi political distinction has been politically salient since 2007 with substantial mobilization around Madhesi rights; (4) the post-2015 Constitution reform has shifted political-administrative structures including the 7-province federal system that has implications for ethnic-political representation; (5) the Dalit communities face documented caste-based discrimination despite legal protections; (6) the substantial Nepalese diaspora (Gulf states, Malaysia, India, the United Kingdom, the United States, Hong Kong) is not captured in source-country composition.

See full project methodology →

Primary Sources

  1. 1.Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal. National Population and Housing Census 2021: National Report. Kathmandu: CBS; 2023.
  2. 2.Bista DB. People of Nepal (8th ed). Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar; 2000.
  3. 3.Gellner DN, Pfaff-Czarnecka J, Whelpton J (eds). Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal. Routledge; 1997.
  4. 4.Whelpton J. A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press; 2005.
  5. 5.Cailmail B. The Madhesi Movement in Nepal. ISAS Working Paper. National University of Singapore; 2008.

Other countries in South Asia

Aggregate phenotype references for neighbouring South Asia nations, weighted by demographic composition.

Browse all South Asiaethnic groups & countries →