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Location of Iraq on the globe

Iraq

IQ

Western Asia

Iraq is home to 7 documented ethnic groups in Western Asia — led by Iraqi Arab (~77%), Iraqi Kurd (~18%), Iraqi Turkmen (~2%), Yazidi (~1%). This page blends their phenotype and demographic data into one weighted reference: skin tone, facial features, hair texture and build, drawn from published census and ancestry sources.

Demographic Composition

Composition weights are derived from self-identification in published census and demographic surveys. Each row links to the source ethnic-group atlas page.

Ethnic groupWeightSource
Iraqi ArabIraqi Arab77.0%Estimated from CIA World Factbook plus academic sources; Iraq has not conducted a comprehensive census since 1987 — composition derived from international demographic estimates. Iraqi Arab (~77%) is the dominant ethno-linguistic identification, divided between Shia Arab (~55-60% of total population, concentrated in southern Iraq) and Sunni Arab (~17-22%, concentrated in central and western Iraq)
Iraqi KurdIraqi Kurd18.0%Estimates; Iraqi Kurds (~18%, ~7M+); concentrated in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok provinces) — substantially autonomous federal region within Iraq since 1991. The Iraqi Kurdish population is the third-largest national Kurdish population (after Turkey and Iran)
Iraqi TurkmenIraqi Turkmen2.0%Estimates; Iraqi Turkmen (~2%, ~700,000+); concentrated in the historic 'Turkmen belt' of northern Iraq (Mosul, Kirkuk, Erbil, Tal Afar plus other areas). The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Turkic-language-speaking, related to but distinct from broader Turkmen and Azerbaijani populations
YazidiYazidi1.0%Estimates pre-2014; Iraqi Yazidis (~1.0%, ~400,000-500,000+ pre-2014); concentrated historically in the Sinjar region of Nineveh Province plus Sheikhan and Bashiqa areas. Subject to documented genocide by ISIS in 2014 (the Sinjar genocide killed an estimated 5,000-10,000 Yazidi men, enslaved approximately 7,000 women and girls, displaced approximately 360,000+ Yazidis to Iraqi Kurdistan and the broader diaspora; the post-2017 ISIS defeat has produced partial return but the Sinjar region remains substantially destroyed)
Iraq OtherIraq Other1.0%Estimates residual; includes Iraqi Mandaean (~5,000-10,000 remaining after substantial post-2003 emigration), Iraqi Shabak (~250,000+, predominantly Twelver Shia Kurdish-related community in Nineveh Plain), Iraqi Kakai / Yarsani (Kurdish syncretic religious community), Iraqi Roma / Domari, Iraqi Persian (Faili Kurd, Iranian-related populations), Iraqi Jewish community (now nearly extinct in Iraq with ~3-5 individuals remaining; the historic Iraqi Jewish community of approximately 130,000+ in 1948 substantially emigrated to Israel during the 1950-1951 Operation Ezra and Nehemiah), plus other smaller groups
Iraqi AssyrianIraqi Assyrian0.5%Estimates; Iraqi Assyrians (~0.5%, ~150,000-300,000+); the historic Christian Assyrian community concentrated historically in Nineveh Plain and northern Iraq. Substantially reduced from pre-2003 peaks of approximately 1.4M+ through the post-2003 Iraq War demographic disruption, the 2014 ISIS expulsion of Christians from Mosul and Nineveh, and continuing emigration to the United States, Australia, Sweden, Canada, and elsewhere
BedouinBedouin0.5%Estimates; Iraqi Bedouin (~0.5%, ~150,000+); concentrated in western Iraq's Anbar Province plus southern Iraq's desert zones. Distinct from broader Iraqi-Arab settled populations through tribal-pastoral cultural-political identity

Iraq Phenotype Profile

Iraq's population reflects approximately 5,000+ years of population processes anchored on the broader Mesopotamian demographic substrate — one of the longest continuously-documented national-population histories globally. The contemporary distribution: Iraqi Arab (~77%, divided between Shia Arab ~55-60% and Sunni Arab ~17-22%), Iraqi Kurd (~18%), Iraqi Turkmen (~2%), Yazidi (~1% pre-2014, substantially reduced post-2014), Iraqi Assyrian (~0.5%, substantially reduced post-2003), Bedouin (~0.5%), plus smaller communities (~1%). The country has experienced approximately 45+ years of substantial state-violence and war: the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, the 1986-1989 Anfal Genocide against Iraqi Kurds, the 1990-1991 Gulf War and post-war sanctions period, the 2003 US-led invasion and post-2003 occupation period, the 2006-2008 sectarian violence, the 2014-2017 ISIS occupation and the documented Yazidi and Christian genocides, plus continuing political-economic instability.

Genome-wide studies place Iraqi populations as showing substantial continuity with broader Mesopotamian populations (the foundational pre-Arab-conquest Akkadian, Babylonian, Aramean, Assyrian source populations) plus continuing admixture from Iranian, Turkic, and Arab source populations through the long historical exchange. Skin tone across the population spans Fitzpatrick II-V with III-IV the modal value nationally — substantial regional variation. Hair is predominantly straight to wavy with some curly textures in Kurdish populations; hair color is uniformly dark brown to black with non-trivial frequencies of lighter variants in northern Kurdish populations. Eye color is predominantly brown with elevated frequencies of hazel and rarely lighter variants. Facial features track Mesopotamian / West Asian source populations.

A descriptive view, not a claim about individuals

This page shows a weighted aggregate of phenotype observations across the Iraq population, based on demographic composition from published census and ancestry sources. Phenotypes within any country are far more varied than the aggregate suggests; this is a descriptive reference, not a deterministic claim about any individual. For source-level detail on individual ethnic groups, see the constituent atlas pages linked below.

Methodology Notes

Composition weights are estimated based on international demographic estimates (CIA World Factbook, UN agencies, academic studies). Iraq has not conducted a comprehensive census since 1987 — the planned 1997 census was disrupted by political circumstances, the planned 2007 and 2010 censuses were postponed due to political tensions over Kirkuk and disputed territories, and a comprehensive census has not been conducted in the post-Saddam-Hussein era. The November 2024 census initiative was partially conducted but full microdata for ethnicity / religion has not been publicly released. Caveats: (1) the post-2003 demographic disruption has substantially altered Iraqi demographics through sectarian violence, displacement, and emigration; (2) the 2014-2017 ISIS occupation produced documented genocide of Yazidi, Assyrian Christian, and Shabak populations plus substantial demographic disruption of Sunni Arab communities; (3) the Iraqi Christian and Mandaean communities have been substantially reduced through post-2003 emigration; (4) the Iraqi Jewish community is now nearly extinct after the 1950-1951 Operation Ezra and Nehemiah mass emigration to Israel; (5) the Kirkuk political-territorial dispute between the Iraqi federal government and the KRG remains unresolved with implications for ethnic-demographic enumeration.

See full project methodology →

Primary Sources

  1. 1.Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Iraq. Washington, DC: CIA; 2024.
  2. 2.Tripp C. A History of Iraq (3rd ed). Cambridge University Press; 2007.
  3. 3.Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis (A/HRC/32/CRP.2). Geneva: UN OHCHR; 2016.
  4. 4.Allison C. The Yezidi Oral Tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan. Curzon Press; 2001.
  5. 5.McDowall D. A Modern History of the Kurds (3rd ed). IB Tauris; 2004.

Other countries in Western Asia

Aggregate phenotype references for neighbouring Western Asia nations, weighted by demographic composition.

Browse all Western Asiaethnic groups & countries →